Vaccine passports: why the market must decide

In this opinion piece, Robert Field argues that the marketplace, not state laws, should determine whether companies can require proof of vaccination from customers and staff.

Field is a joint tenure professor of law and professor of health policy and management at Drexel University and is an adjunct fellow at Penn’s Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics. (This article originally appeared in the Philadelphia Inquirer.)

“No shoes, no shirt, no service.” He almost certainly saw those words on a sign outside a store near a beach on a summer day. What about – “no vaccination, no verification, no visit”? Will we see those words soon?

The CDC says you can now shop without a mask if you’ve been vaccinated. Several major retailers, including Walmart, Target, and Costco, have removed the mask requirements in response. How do they know that you have been vaccinated if you enter without a mask? You are for your honor.

Other companies may want to be more careful, for example health clubs and smaller specialty stores where customers have close contact with staff. They may prefer something stronger than the honor system, and many of their potential clients may feel the same way.

A growing number of private organizations have embarked on this path. More than 100 colleges will require students to be vaccinated before they can return in the fall. All cruise lines do this too, and some airlines are considering doing the same. There is too much risk in those settings to accept the words of customers.

Several countries are developing systems to verify vaccination. Green passes are required in Israel to attend concerts and sporting events. The European Union is considering a verification system, as are several countries, including Denmark, China, and Japan. New York State is developing an application called Excelsior Pass that stores vaccination data. All of these systems also provide documentation of Covid recovery or a recent negative test result.

In the United States, it is unlikely that there will be a national system. It can be a logistical nightmare and cause significant privacy concerns. However, prudent retailers may request that customers without a mask show at least one CDC card stating their vaccination. This is not a big step to requiring clients to cover their chests and bare feet when stepping in from their beach towel. Virus droplets that unvaccinated clients may inadvertently breathe out undoubtedly pose a greater health risk than sand and seawater that half-dressed clients can accidentally lose.

You have no right to insist on going into a private business, regardless of your hygiene status. On the contrary, companies have a legitimate interest in making their buildings as hygienic as possible. If a customer can’t bear the thought of going back to her beach towel to pick up unkempt clothes, she can try another store. A client who is unable to present proof of vaccination or a mask can do the same.

Hygiene companies can find themselves attracting more customers by appealing to safety-conscious individuals. If, on the other hand, they find that your policies are leading to bankruptcy, they can reevaluate it. That is the working market.

“If the public does not want companies to demand vaccination tests, the market will speak.”

Several states, including Arizona, Florida, Iowa and Texas, have passed or are considering laws to circumvent the market and prohibit private companies from requiring proof of vaccination, no matter what they or their customers want. Those laws replace the freedom of private companies and individuals to decide how safe they want to be in command of politicians. If the public does not want companies to require vaccination tests, the market will speak. Politicians don’t need to anticipate this.

Hopefully, as the number of Covid cases continues to drop, vaccination verification will disappear as a concern. Meanwhile, those who want to make themselves and those around them as safe as possible should be free to do so.

All Work and No Play The Roman Centurion

With every successful army comes a successful leader. The Roman military is no exception to this statement. In fact, from the Romans came one of the most courageous and respectable of leaders…the centurion.

A centurion was a highly regarded officer of the Roman army, and sometimes the Roman navy, whose role developed following the Marian reforms of 107 BC. Centurions were in charge of a centuria (meaning hundred) or a “century”. Though a century is representative of 100, it is widely agreed upon that a smaller number of men were in these groups. Developed from the Roman tribal system, these cohorts could contain 60-80 men. Needless to say, a centurion had his hands full! As with any position of power and prestige, not just anyone could step into this role. Requirements for being a centurion included previous Roman military experience, being at least 30 years old, having an education and being literate, and coming highly recommended. Same as in today’s culture where it’s all about who you know, such was the case with the men of the Roman army. To get a foot in the door, a man needed connections.

Late Roman Empire writer, Vegetius, described the qualities of a centurion in this way:

“The centurion in the infantry is chosen for his size, strength and dexterity in throwing his missile weapons and for his skill in the use of his sword and shield; in short for his expertness in all the exercises. He is to be vigilant, temperate, active and readier to execute the orders he receives than to talk; Strict in exercising and keeping up proper discipline among his soldiers, in obliging them to appear clean and well-dressed and to have their arms constantly rubbed and bright.”

As you can see, the position of centurion came with great expectation and diligent discipline. On the plus side, these men were compensated with the highest pay, often double that of the average legionaire.

Centurions were courageous and honorable, as they inspired their men by example in battle. They demonstrated their sharp skill and confidence, proving their worth and showing that no mistake was made in giving them the esteemed position. Centurions boldly fought alongside their legionaries, usually going in front and choosing a position to the front right of the century formation. However, as masterful a fighter as a centurion was, casualties of war were inevitable.

In addition to a centurion maintaining himself, he was also personally responsible for the men in his century. He was given the task of training and disciplining them. Due to this fact, centurions were known for being extremely strict and administering harsh punishments. I would imagine that they would resemble boot camp officers of today. As a symbol of authority, centurions carried a stick known as a “vitus”, which they would use for punishment such as striking their men’s backs.

The duties and lifestyle of centurions were no doubt grueling, but they played a huge part in bringing order and success to the Roman army. These men have even been the subject of fictional works, going to show that their honor has not been forgotten.

Benefits of Blockchain Technology in the Manufacturing Industry

When it comes to blockchain technology, it has evolved a lot in the market and has brought more benefits. In this article, I am going to cover blockchain technology, its evolution and how blockchain technology helps in the manufacturing industry.

Lets we start a discussion with blockchain and how it has an impact on different industries.

What is Blockchain Technology?

Initially, Blockchain is just one of the technology which supports all cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin but the experts can see that it have a large scope in the future then just meets the needs of bitcoin. On further analysis, we found that it can bring enormous changes in the internet networks itself. Consistently, technology has evolved more and a type of blockchain has grown a lot. So, from today, blockchain is widely being used as a distributed ledger technology. This technology has created a chain of blockchain where each of the blocks contains information as well as the data stored together and verified. These blocks are further validated and attached to the string of transactions and information in the previous blocks.

In simple terms, let’s compare it with google docs. As you know, multiple users can simultaneously use and can edit a single document on google docs. Likewise, even with blockchain technology, you have a distributed ledger. There is a difference here, unlike in google doc, you can’t change the previous data. You can only add to the ledger. Some of the features of blockchain technology are blockchain keeps all data records which is referred to as a “ledger”. All the data which is exchanged is a “transaction”. Once the transaction is verified, it is added to the ledger as a “block”. To verify the transactions, blockchain uses a distributed system. ie. a Peer-to-peer network (p2p network). Once the transaction gets completed, the data is verified and added to the blockchain, it can’t be changed anymore.

After that, demand for blockchain has gradually increased a lot and also being noticed in other industries. In short, blockchain can create revolution almost in all the industry. But, the most likely ones that can have large benefits from it includes:

Healthcare
Banking and financial services
Real estate
Security
Manufacturing Industry
Out of the above-mentioned industries, the manufacturing industry has become more inclined towards blockchain technology. Let us get into deeper that how blockchain technology can have an impact on the manufacturing industry.

Role of blockchain in the manufacturing industry:

When we talk about modern ways of manufacturing industry, the supplychain can work across many organizations, as well as many countries. This can make the system more difficult in the way of finding solutions for increasing efficiency and chasing individual events. Most of the time, the company information in the manufacturing industry flows through the supplychain. They have a uniform way of storing and exchanging data. When it comes to blockchain, it can make smarter as well as secured supplychain whereas you can track the journey of your products within the real-time visibility.

For example, if you are looking for material delivery, you can track the materials which you have ordered on the website and when it will arrive, who receive them and when they transport the material to the next stage and so on. Everything is recorded as blocks in the blockchain. So, you have seen minimalistic details of the supplychain process and there is no chance of any kind of manipulations.

There are many benefits that the manufacturing industry can get while using the blockchain technology. If you are the one among them who do experimentation with the blockchain, you must don’t miss the opportunity to read the below mentioned five benefits are currently works in the real scenario.

1. Amplified inventory management

Blockchain offers a holistic and permanent data of every single transaction details that takes place in your supply chain process. Moreover, it opens you to connect to each party in the value chain – be it suppliers, production sites and distribution centers. The records which are store are easily accessible by those who are
connected to the network. As everyone in the networks has a copy of the information, so there is no confusion happen in the supplychain process. This, in turn, become the intensify inventory management.

2. Upgraded data security

Information like Invoices and contract details that are exchange in any supplychain process is highly confidential. Sharing details by the way of traditional methods can be a risk and it can be easily hacked by anyone. Instead of using traditional methods, blockchain keeps the information more secure with the best cryptography techniques. So, if you are looking to build blockchain networks for your manufacturing industry then either choose a freelance blockchain developers (or) blockchain development company for solutions in supplychain management to avoid cyber attacks

3. Better traceability and transparency

Blockchain Technology in the supplychain can provide the data of all information related to your transaction. For instance, how the products are made, from where they start shipping and how will manage data and much more. However, if the data is permanent and it can be easily shared with your supply-chain network, it provides you a detailed tracing and tracking abilities.

4. Automatic Payment Process to Suppliers

Blockchain technology has s facility to transfer of the fund to any part of the world. You don’t stick it to the traditional banking methods. Money transfers can be made directly between the payers and payee. The whole payment system through blockchain is secured. It can be done quickly. You don’t want to wait for a day or even for an hour. Once all the digital secure transactions data becomes a part of blockchain agreements and if your networks agree with the terms and conditions, then the smart contract can begin the commercial process automatically.

5. Improve Customer Engagement

Blockchain is stronger than normal storage technology. Because you can analyze the data to create forecasts and predictions, which can further help you to solve the flaws in your supplychain management. Not only this, but your analytic tools can help to boost your customer satisfaction. You can use the blockchain database to find ways for developing your delivery timeline. Moreover, the customers can also have the ability to access the blockchain data to a certain extent. For Instance, one of the clothing brand provides customer access while showing them an approval form or a labor union sheet. Sharing data will create transparency, which ultimately results in loyalty and also creates ever long-lasting customer relationships.

Blockchain Technology can be a Game Changer for your manufacturing industry:

A lot of new technologies are enhancing the way of manufacturing industries used to work with their supplychain management and blockchain technology is one among them. As blockchain technology continues to grow, the supply chain industry is sure to look up the true forms of transparency, accountability, and efficiency. I am winding this blog that, the manufacturing industries will adopt the blockchain technologies sooner and they will be able to benefit from a better way of running their business.